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FACWORLD EZINE
The Facilities, Mechanical, Electrical Resource Center

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May 2, 2006
Editor: Thomas Yoon

contact: http://www.free-marine.com/emailform.htm
<http://www.free-marine.com/emailform.htm>
Publisher: Facworld Ezine


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Publisher's Note
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Publisher's Note
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Hi there,



Our previous article talks about careful planning in order to
save unnecessary trips, adopting carpooling to share out the
costs, avoiding traffic jams at peak hours to avoid
unproductive burning of fuel, avoiding carrying unnecessary
loads and other tips that will help in some way or another to
save on fuel consumption.

I did touch a bit on more efficient smaller cars that are
lighter and do not have to carry excess and unproductive weights
in their frames, chassis and body. However, very often, these
smaller and lighter cars are not as comfortable to ride compared
to the heavier ones.

So, in this article, I won't compare lighter cars with heavier
cars. I will explore with you the kinds of efficiency losses
that are quite typical even within the same class of cars.

If you look through the sales brochures of new cars, very often
you can find figures that indicate the fuel efficiency of the
car. With that information, you can compare and find out the
most fuel efficient vehicle that will meet your needs. Even
within a specific size class, there is a tremendous range of
MPG (miles per gallon) performance that you can find.

Just for example, for the same model year compact cars, we can
find fuel efficiency ranges from 21 to 48 MPG. If you choose
the 48 MPG car, you could be saving hundreds of dollars in fuel
costs each year. I think that should be an important point to
note when buying a new car.

Having decided on the model that fulfils your needs, you might
be interested to know where the energy goes.

Idling losses could account for as much as 17.2% of all the
losses. In urban driving, this much of energy is lost to idling
at stop lights or in the traffic. There are technologies
available such as integrated starter / generator (ISG) systems
that help to reduce this type of losses. It does this by
automatically turning off the engine when a vehicle comes to a
stop and restarting it instantly when the accelerator is pressed.

Another very significant loss is through the engine itself. The
internal combustion engine of gasoline-powered vehicles is very
inefficient. Over 62.4% of the fuel's energy is lost through the
engine combustion process of converting the fuel's chemical
energy to mechanical energy. Energy is lost to engine friction,
pumping of air into and out of the engine, and removing the
wasted heat.

Advanced engine technologies have been developed to address
these losses. Some of them are: variable valve timing and lift,
turbocharging, direct fuel injection, and cylinder deactivation.

Diesel engines are about 30~35% more efficient than gasoline
engines. New advances in diesel technologies and fuels are
making these vehicles more attractive.

Accessories like air-conditioning, power steering, windshield
wipers, and others use the energy generated from the engine.
These uses up to 2.2% of the energy. Efforts in developing more
efficient alternator systems and power steering pumps can
improve the fuel economy by up to 1%.

Driveline losses can account for up to 5.6% of the total. The
energy is lost through the transmission and other parts of the
driveline. To reduce these, technologies such as automatic
manual transmission (AMT) and continuously variable transmission
(CVT) has been developed.

Next comes the shape of the vehicle. Aerodynamic drag accounts
for 2.6% of the energy losses. As the speed of a vehicle
increases, the drag caused by expending energy to push air out
of the way increases. By designing the shape of a vehicle for
smoother air flow, significant drag reduction can be achieved.

Rolling resistance is another loss encountered in a vehicle. It
accounts for 4.2% of the losses. This rolling resistance is a
measure of the force necessary to move the tire forward. To
counter this, tires technologies like thread and shoulder
designs, and the use of improved materials on the tire belt and
traction surfaces are being
developed.

For passenger cars, a 5~7% reduction in rolling resistance
increases fuel efficiency by 1%. However, these improvements
must be balanced against traction, durability and noise.

Related to the driver's behavior is braking loss. This can
account for as much as 5.8%. Each time a vehicle moves forward,
the vehicle's drivetrain must provide enough energy to overcome
the vehicle's inertia. This inertia is directly related to the
weight of the vehicle. So for lighter vehicles, less energy is
expended to overcome the inertia of the vehicle compared to a
heavier vehicle. The less a driver brakes, the less energy is
expended to move the vehicle again.

As you can see, there are many factors that can affect the fuel
efficiency even of similar vehicles. Factors like the vehicle
condition, tire pressures and design, driver's habit, planning
trips, reducing excess loads, avoiding drag, idling at peak
traffic and many others can affect the efficiency.

With a better understanding of the measures you can control, you
should be able to achieve the best optimum efficiency in your
vehicle and save money in the process.




Until next time...


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Article
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Marketing Research: Individual Words

We all know that phrases like "Who else wants to know" in a
headline can improve our sales. Have you ever thought
about the individual words and their impact on your
profitability?

I recently performed a statistical analysis on several
thousand ads while looking at individual words and
profitability.

The first task was to determine the profitability of each
ad being analyzed. This was done using the age-old
mailorder marketing method. Basically, if you see an
advertisement month after month and year after year, it is
probably profitable. If you see an ad only once or twice
and then it changes or disappears completely, the
advertisement was probably not very profitable.

The next task was to simply look for the occurence of a
list of words in each ad while noting whether the ad was
profitable or not. The results were tallied and lots of
words were removed from the list because there simply
wasn't sufficient data to come up with a statistically
significant result.

I won't bore you with the rest of the details. Here is a
list of some of the words found much more often in
profitable ads than in ads that didn't produce a profit:

accessories, an, best, blue, buy, by, causes, cheap,
discount, discover, easily, fast, find, guaranteed, has,
improve, increase, lower, more, nationwide, near, need,
of, on, one, order, payments, powered, pricing, rates,
reduce, stop, superb, the, view, what, with

Here is a list of the words found much more often in ads
that were NOT profitable:

affordable, after, and, as, at, before, better, help,
here, how, else, excellent, experience, for, led, listings,
loan, method, money, mortgage, naturally, now, options,
photos, search, secret, secrets, sell, step, to, try,
unlimited, us, who, you, your

Now keep in mind that correlation can not prove causality.
This research isn't saying that all ads that use the word
"excellent" are doomed to being unprofitable. However, it
is saying that a statistically significant percentage of
ads that use the word "cheap" are profitable and a majority
of those that use the word "affordable" are not profitable.

If your ad copy currently uses the word "affordable" (a
word from the "bad" list above) and you change that word
to "cheap" (a word from the "good" list above), will your
profitability increase? There are no guarantees. There
are an unlimited number of factors that could impact that
result. Not ALL ads that use the word "cheap" were
profitable. Not ALL ads that use the word "affordable"
were unprofitable. However, the use of the word "cheap"
instead of "affordable" is more likely to improve your
profitability.

You still need to split test to find out the answer in any
particular situation. But, why not start out with the most
likely words to be profitable in ad copy generally
speaking?

Take a look at your current ad copy and see if you can find
any of the words in the "bad" list that have good
replacements in the "good" list. Run a split test and see
if your profitability increases. What can it hurt to put
some math on your side?



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* Only subscribers are allowed to place a free ad.
* Only 1 free ad per month, per subscriber.
* Maximum of 65 characters per line.
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* Featured Ads 7 lines, including url and email address.
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* Free Ads 3 lines, including url and email address.
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* First come first served.


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Solo ads US$30.00 - 30 lines including url, 65 characters/line
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Although we do make an effort to verify offers, we do not
accept responsibility for the validity of the information
presented. Please conduct your own evaluation of offers.

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Contact Information
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Thomas Yoon, Publisher/Editor
4186 Bagan Luar Road
12000 Butterworth
Malaysia

Contact me at http://www.free-marine.com/emailform.htm
<http://www.free-marine.com/emailform.htm>


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