Hi Gary,

You gave me a lot to chomp on below. No more questions for now. I
seem to be able to generate a negative flow with a simple pulsing gap
circuit but I'm sure it can be vastly improved and will be over the
next few weeks/months. You information gave me some more information
to think about.

It seems that the avalanche effect is working in the HV low impedance
region and we will get into the Radiant Effect later. Some quick
measurements before I dismantled my Version 1 tube circuit indicated
the RE event to be positive voltage wise in relationship to the
avalanche.

The splitting the positive I now understand, it has finally clicked!

First, it is basically making a positive charge/potential on the cap
feeding the anode of the spark gap via. the power supply. "The
Positive" part of the split". When the spark and avalanche occurs
concurrently, there is a bi-directional split of voltage and current
that results in a gain in the charging/current flow loop in the
battery.

To clarify, when the gap fires, and makes an arc, there is a nice
conventional pulse thru the cathode diode via the load limiting
resistor in the positive terminal of the battery, electrons flowing
back through the spark gap, via the discharging cap and back to the
negative terminal, this continues till the voltage drops below the
ability of the gap to continue to conduct. At the same time because
of the spark that then turns into an arc, on the anode there is also
an excess of electrons from the avalanche and this is the "split" and
additive charge. This biases the diode on across the cap. The added
negative potential provides a current flow through the diode back
into the battery. There is a summed pulse formed at the negative
terminal of the cap formed by the avalanche and added to the flow
from the cap, hence the term "split the positive".

If a pulse that is high current during the time period of the arc
based on the time constant of the cap. Via the battery is fed into a
low resistance set of coils in an efficient pulse motor, the
rotational energy is a plus in the equation. The pulse current
thought high in value in the coils is virtually recycled back to the
battery therefore extremely high efficiency may be obtained. If it
is then used to generate additional power that is an additional
plus. Obviously there are a lot of little low current pulses in
multiple coils with the total power of the motor being quite high and
the actual real current used being quite low. Hummmmmmm, There is a
lot to consider here, a LOT of circuit work to be tried and
considered a lot of theory to be proved to be sure what we think we
have is what we have, what is happening vs. what we think is
happening.

Something else to consider would be using a multi Farad Cap for the
loop with energy added/subtracted as needed to maintain the loop from
an isolated battery, this battery charged by the output of the motor
via an alternator. This would be more efficient as the battery is an
electrochemical device while the cap would be a totally charge driven
storage unit, hence more efficient in the recycling of the electron
energy.

Thanks for all the info Gary.

Ben


----- Original Message -----
From: Margaret Magratten
To: Ben Thomas
Sent: Thursday, August 19, 2004 7:50 PM
Subject: Sparks and Arcs


Dear Ben,
" The time crossing of positive ions is of the order of
100 times that of the electrons. For ordinary gaps the time
of crossing of positive ions does not fall very much below
10(-5) seconds for the usual gaps used."
" For sparks about atmospheric pressure the formative
time lags wee nearly 10(-7) sec. rather than 10(-5)."

" In his theory, Schade does not define the value which
his current must reach before space charges can cause the
appearance of the spark. He says, however, that it does not
appear until currents of the order of 10(-5) ampere or more are
reached." L&M

Once you reach arc, there is a conducting two way plasma
that significantly lowers the resistance to allow for the conduction
of the current. See Plasma and Electric Arcs. I find McGraw Hill's
Scientific Encyclopedia to be very useful.
Only sparks from pulsed dc give the desired effect of
Avalanche.

The "driver circuit" for switching is a simple 555 timer
circuit. I think I have a full report on the driver circuit. I can
send it to
you.
If you can get your hands on an old Radar book, they have
great pulsed dc circuits and driver circuits. Most are tube
but the 'what and how to' is all there. That's where Gray was
trained in the military, radar and electronics.

Attached is an essay on transient voltages and transient
currents.
I hope will be helpful.

In the Gray Motor Patent please locate the spark gap on
the circuit schematic. Trace the the current path through the choke
to the secondary of the transformer to ground common
which is the negative terminal of the battery.
When the avalanche process is completed, the burst of
electrons enter the anode of the spark gap. These excess
electrons seek equilibrium in the now open circuit. The high
density pushes the electrons back into the battery.

The very inetersting thing about Gray's Motor Circuit is that if
you trace the loop it begins with the negative terminal of the
battery and ends with the negetive terminal of the battery. The loop
is
isolated by the transformer. The current from the negative terminal
is "split into an AC wave form" by the primary of the transformer,
then rectified to charge the capacitor. Perhaps this is what is ment
by "splitting the positive" from the wave form to provide a positive
potential to charge the capacitor that originated from straight dc
from
the neg. terminal of the battery!

Avalanche only occurs between the cathode and anode
tip in the pathway of the spark gap and some surrounding space.
The means by which power is transfered to the two copper
collection plates is by the "Radiant Event". We can cover that later.

The step by step development of spark is covered
extensively in L&M's work , too much to properly address
in an email.

The diode or triode prevents the avalanche from being
absorbed by the cathode once the pulse ceases. A one way path
to the anode for the current.

Most other researchers all agree that the inductive kick
comes from the capacitor discharge. The initial
high discharge of current at the optimum time. David Waggoneer
has a video of the powerful discharge blowing two
HV electromagnets apart. Douglas Konzen has good
oscilliscope shoots on his report. See Geof Egel's
"Energy 21 " site.

I was trying to design a circuit that ran the avalanche through
the electromagnets. Have not had the time to follow through.
I am scheduled out for 6 months to a year.

Share this with PES. I hope they decide to alot you the
money to build a HV pulsed dc motor and run proper testing.
Avalanche is part of the picture. The whole picture includes
Avalanche, the Radiant Event, Back EMF to recharge the
additional batteries, & The use of an optimum pulse at the optimum
time
from the capacitor.

Hope this helps. GM